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IMPLANTOLOGY
Implantology is the branch of dentistry that replaces missing teeth with artificial titanium roots These artificial roots have a conical or cylindrical body and are implanted directly into the bone. In the arc of three to four month these implants become osseointegrated, meaning that the bone in which the implants was placed actually adheres to the implants. Osseointegration allows for stability and the ability to support masticatory function. The implant in fact becomes in the “true” sense an artificial titanium root upon which a new tooth is placed. Implants are able to replace a missing single tooth (implant supported crown), a group of neighboring missing teeth (implant supported bridge), an entire dental arch (full arch prosthesis supported by implants), or to stabilize a removable prosthesis (overdenture). If possible an implant may be placed during the same appointment in which the tooth was extracted (immediate implant placement), or during a second appointment following healing a few months later (late implant placement). In some cases, it may even be possible to immediately provide, or within 48 hours following implant placement, a fixed provisional prosthesis (immediate implant loading). Immediate loading eliminates the disadvantages of remaining without a tooth or teeth during the healing period. In cases where immediate loading is not possible, and it is necessary to wait approximately 2-3 months for complete osseointegration to occur, it is possible to provide the patient with a satisfactory provisional restoration. In certain cases, where ideal anatomical conditions exist, a computer guided flapless implant placement technique may be adapted. In this approach no incisions, flaps or sutures are needed and there is minimal bleeding and post-operative swelling.
Implantology is the branch of dentistry that replaces missing teeth with artificial titanium roots These artificial roots have a conical or cylindrical body and are implanted directly into the bone. In the arc of three to four month these implants become osseointegrated, meaning that the bone in which the implants was placed actually adheres to the implants. Osseointegration allows for stability and the ability to support masticatory function. The implant in fact becomes in the “true” sense an artificial titanium root upon which a new tooth is placed. Implants are able to replace a missing single tooth (implant supported crown), a group of neighboring missing teeth (implant supported bridge), an entire dental arch (full arch prosthesis supported by implants), or to stabilize a removable prosthesis (overdenture). If possible an implant may be placed during the same appointment in which the tooth was extracted (immediate implant placement), or during a second appointment following healing a few months later (late implant placement). In some cases, it may even be possible to immediately provide, or within 48 hours following implant placement, a fixed provisional prosthesis (immediate implant loading). Immediate loading eliminates the disadvantages of remaining without a tooth or teeth during the healing period. In cases where immediate loading is not possible, and it is necessary to wait approximately 2-3 months for complete osseointegration to occur, it is possible to provide the patient with a satisfactory provisional restoration. In certain cases, where ideal anatomical conditions exist, a computer guided flapless implant placement technique may be adapted. In this approach no incisions, flaps or sutures are needed and there is minimal bleeding and post-operative swelling.
BIOMET 3I IMPLANTS
As a group of professionals we are proud to utilize dental implants that have been extensively tested scientifically. Having more than 20 years of research behind them we are able to guarantee, thanks to an innovative nano surface technology, a success rate superior to 98%.
(Testimony by Prof. Dennis Tarnow › click to see film)
PERIODONTOLOGY
Periodontology is the branch of dentistry that treats the pathologies affecting the soft and hard tissues that surround the teeth (the periodontium), and provide for the stability of these teeth in the alveolar bone. The most common pathology of the periodontium is termed periodontal disease or chronic adult periodontitis, more commonly called gum disease. It is estimated that at least ten million Italians who are of 40 years of age or older suffer from periodontal disease and that 70% of the worldwide population is affected by different stages of this disease. Periodontal disease is characterized by the loss of gingival attachment and bone caused by specific bacteria found in the oral cavity. This anatomical modification of the periodontium, caused by the disease process, leads to several different clinical manifestations, including: gingival recession (lowering of the gingival margins making the teeth appear longer), periodontal pocketing (correct positioning of the gingiva, but the bone and attachment are moved down along the root surface allowing for the formation of an empty space), mobility and movement of the dental elements, presence of exudate and bleeding of the gingival tissues. If ignored, Periodontitis can lead to the loss of teeth affected by this disease. Periodontal disease is often correlated with other systemic diseases, including: bacterial endocarditis, arteriolosclerosis and pathologies of the cardiac valves. Periodontal disease can also aggravate the systemic situation of diabetic patients and in the pregnant patient it may cause premature delivery and low birth weight babies. The treatment of periodontal disease consists, first and foremost, in the non-surgical removal of the principal factors causing the periodontal pockets. These principle causative factors include plaque, calculus and bacteria, both above and underneath the gingival tissues. This is then followed by motivation of the patient in order to improve their oral hygiene practices, by instructing them how to properly brush and floss their teeth and by inserting them into a regular hygiene maintenance program. Following this initial phase, if the periodontal disease does not resolve completely, a surgical approach to therapy may be indicated. This additional surgical therapy allows for complete disinfection of the affected root surfaces and if necessary allows for a recontouring of the osseous anatomy and regeneration of the supporting tissues, which have been lost due to the disease process.
Periodontology is the branch of dentistry that treats the pathologies affecting the soft and hard tissues that surround the teeth (the periodontium), and provide for the stability of these teeth in the alveolar bone. The most common pathology of the periodontium is termed periodontal disease or chronic adult periodontitis, more commonly called gum disease. It is estimated that at least ten million Italians who are of 40 years of age or older suffer from periodontal disease and that 70% of the worldwide population is affected by different stages of this disease. Periodontal disease is characterized by the loss of gingival attachment and bone caused by specific bacteria found in the oral cavity. This anatomical modification of the periodontium, caused by the disease process, leads to several different clinical manifestations, including: gingival recession (lowering of the gingival margins making the teeth appear longer), periodontal pocketing (correct positioning of the gingiva, but the bone and attachment are moved down along the root surface allowing for the formation of an empty space), mobility and movement of the dental elements, presence of exudate and bleeding of the gingival tissues. If ignored, Periodontitis can lead to the loss of teeth affected by this disease. Periodontal disease is often correlated with other systemic diseases, including: bacterial endocarditis, arteriolosclerosis and pathologies of the cardiac valves. Periodontal disease can also aggravate the systemic situation of diabetic patients and in the pregnant patient it may cause premature delivery and low birth weight babies. The treatment of periodontal disease consists, first and foremost, in the non-surgical removal of the principal factors causing the periodontal pockets. These principle causative factors include plaque, calculus and bacteria, both above and underneath the gingival tissues. This is then followed by motivation of the patient in order to improve their oral hygiene practices, by instructing them how to properly brush and floss their teeth and by inserting them into a regular hygiene maintenance program. Following this initial phase, if the periodontal disease does not resolve completely, a surgical approach to therapy may be indicated. This additional surgical therapy allows for complete disinfection of the affected root surfaces and if necessary allows for a recontouring of the osseous anatomy and regeneration of the supporting tissues, which have been lost due to the disease process.
ENDODONTICS
Endodontics (more commonly referred to as root canal therapy) is the branch of dentistry that treats the internal spaces of the tooth, or the root canal system) which in a healthy tooth houses the nerve and blood supply of the tooth, or the pulp. Endodontic therapy is indicated for teeth that are affected by carious or traumatic lesions that lead to a degenerative alteration in the pulpal tissues and finally to pulpal necrosis. Endodontic therapy is also often indicated in teeth that need extensive prosthetic rehabilitation, requiring extensive removal of dental tissue that would otherwise lead to negative changes in the pulp
Endodontics (more commonly referred to as root canal therapy) is the branch of dentistry that treats the internal spaces of the tooth, or the root canal system) which in a healthy tooth houses the nerve and blood supply of the tooth, or the pulp. Endodontic therapy is indicated for teeth that are affected by carious or traumatic lesions that lead to a degenerative alteration in the pulpal tissues and finally to pulpal necrosis. Endodontic therapy is also often indicated in teeth that need extensive prosthetic rehabilitation, requiring extensive removal of dental tissue that would otherwise lead to negative changes in the pulp
ORTHODONTICS and DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with developmental anomalies and tooth position, also called malocclusions. This discipline uses fixed and mobile appliances that allows for correction and alignment of the dental arches, in order to give back masticatory function and enhancing the facial profile of the patient. Before initiating Orthodontic treatment, the specialist needs to examine the cephalometric studies of the case, which are obtained through radiographic analysis (lateral cephalometric projection and panoramic radiography), the dental study models, and the intra and extraoral photographs of the patient. Normally, orthodontic candidates are children before or during the age of development, and are seen not only to correct dental malalignments, but also to achieve the correct maxillary and mandibular relationship between the upper and lower jaw bones in order to improve facial esthetics. Recently, more and more adult patients are seeking orthodontic treatment. These patients usually undergo multidisciplinary treatment weaving together different branches of dentistry such as Periodontics, Implantology and Prosthodontics.
Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with developmental anomalies and tooth position, also called malocclusions. This discipline uses fixed and mobile appliances that allows for correction and alignment of the dental arches, in order to give back masticatory function and enhancing the facial profile of the patient. Before initiating Orthodontic treatment, the specialist needs to examine the cephalometric studies of the case, which are obtained through radiographic analysis (lateral cephalometric projection and panoramic radiography), the dental study models, and the intra and extraoral photographs of the patient. Normally, orthodontic candidates are children before or during the age of development, and are seen not only to correct dental malalignments, but also to achieve the correct maxillary and mandibular relationship between the upper and lower jaw bones in order to improve facial esthetics. Recently, more and more adult patients are seeking orthodontic treatment. These patients usually undergo multidisciplinary treatment weaving together different branches of dentistry such as Periodontics, Implantology and Prosthodontics.
ESTHETIC DENTISTRY
Esthetic dentistry is a broad branch of dentistry that treats teeth located in areas with high esthetic requirements. The objective of esthetic dentistry is to treat dental elements in the anterior sextant, maintaining their anatomy, color, and blending in harmoniously with the other teeth. This can be achieved using metal-free materials such as all ceramic crowns and ceramic veneers. Ceramic veneers are permanent restorations, with a thickness of a few millimeters that are cemented with adhesive techniques to dental enamel. This technique with respect to traditional all ceramic crowns is a more conservative treatment that involves only the external and visible layer of the tooth, the facial surface. Through chemical bonding between ceramic and enamel exceptional esthetic results can be achieved, reproducing color and translucency of natural teeth.
Professional tooth whitening also falls under the branch of Esthetic Dentistry. Dental enamel can undergo permanent or temporary discolorations that tend to stain the original tooth color. Some causes of staining include diet, smoking, and congenital defects of enamel, which can be partially or completely corrected through the use of whitening agents without weakening the enamel. The procedure is completed in one or more appointments with a specific dental light and application of whitening material on the enamel with the adjunctive use of a protective gel for the gingiva.
Esthetic dentistry is a broad branch of dentistry that treats teeth located in areas with high esthetic requirements. The objective of esthetic dentistry is to treat dental elements in the anterior sextant, maintaining their anatomy, color, and blending in harmoniously with the other teeth. This can be achieved using metal-free materials such as all ceramic crowns and ceramic veneers. Ceramic veneers are permanent restorations, with a thickness of a few millimeters that are cemented with adhesive techniques to dental enamel. This technique with respect to traditional all ceramic crowns is a more conservative treatment that involves only the external and visible layer of the tooth, the facial surface. Through chemical bonding between ceramic and enamel exceptional esthetic results can be achieved, reproducing color and translucency of natural teeth.
Professional tooth whitening also falls under the branch of Esthetic Dentistry. Dental enamel can undergo permanent or temporary discolorations that tend to stain the original tooth color. Some causes of staining include diet, smoking, and congenital defects of enamel, which can be partially or completely corrected through the use of whitening agents without weakening the enamel. The procedure is completed in one or more appointments with a specific dental light and application of whitening material on the enamel with the adjunctive use of a protective gel for the gingiva.
OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
Operative dentistry is the branch of restorative dentistry that reconstructs teeth damaged by dental caries or trauma. The scope of operative dentistry is to conserve the integrity of teeth destroyed by caries. After the removal of infected enamel and dentin, the tooth is restored back to its normal anatomy using composite resin. Composite is a highly resistant material that contains esthetic characteristics similar to natural teeth. If the cavity that needs to be restored involves a small portion of the tooth the composite is place directly in the mouth in one visit. Instead, if most of the tooth structure has been lost a composite onlay is recommended for the tooth. Caries are removed, the tooth is prepared for the onlay, and a final impression is taken of the prepared tooth, which is then sent to a dental laboratory to fabricate the new restoration. The restoration is then cemented in the mouth with adhesive techniques.
Operative dentistry is the branch of restorative dentistry that reconstructs teeth damaged by dental caries or trauma. The scope of operative dentistry is to conserve the integrity of teeth destroyed by caries. After the removal of infected enamel and dentin, the tooth is restored back to its normal anatomy using composite resin. Composite is a highly resistant material that contains esthetic characteristics similar to natural teeth. If the cavity that needs to be restored involves a small portion of the tooth the composite is place directly in the mouth in one visit. Instead, if most of the tooth structure has been lost a composite onlay is recommended for the tooth. Caries are removed, the tooth is prepared for the onlay, and a final impression is taken of the prepared tooth, which is then sent to a dental laboratory to fabricate the new restoration. The restoration is then cemented in the mouth with adhesive techniques.
ORAL SURGERY
Oral surgery is the branch of dentistry that deals with the extraction of teeth and roots, of third molars (wisdom teeth) that have not erupted, with the removal of cysts and granulomas caused by chronic infections of the dental elements, with the excision of small neoformations of the soft tissues, and the enucleation of canine teeth for orthodontic extrusion. These procedures are usually performed using sophisticated surgical drills under local anesthesia. Certain procedures also require the use of specialized instruments such as the piezosurgery, which through the use of ultrasonic microvibrations is able to cut hard tissues (bone) with great precision, while respecting the soft tissues (gingiva and mandibular nerve), which will not be damaged even in the case of accidental contact. This is a revolutionary instrument, which simplifies the surgical procedure, allows us to be minimally invasive, increases safety and decreases the post surgical sequelea. Oral surgery also includes some of the procedures used for the treatment of periodontal disease (see Periodontology) and for implant treatment (see Implantology).
Oral surgery is the branch of dentistry that deals with the extraction of teeth and roots, of third molars (wisdom teeth) that have not erupted, with the removal of cysts and granulomas caused by chronic infections of the dental elements, with the excision of small neoformations of the soft tissues, and the enucleation of canine teeth for orthodontic extrusion. These procedures are usually performed using sophisticated surgical drills under local anesthesia. Certain procedures also require the use of specialized instruments such as the piezosurgery, which through the use of ultrasonic microvibrations is able to cut hard tissues (bone) with great precision, while respecting the soft tissues (gingiva and mandibular nerve), which will not be damaged even in the case of accidental contact. This is a revolutionary instrument, which simplifies the surgical procedure, allows us to be minimally invasive, increases safety and decreases the post surgical sequelea. Oral surgery also includes some of the procedures used for the treatment of periodontal disease (see Periodontology) and for implant treatment (see Implantology).
PROSTHODONTICS
Is the branch of dentistry that deals with the replacement of missing teeth. The aim of prosthodontics is to restore masticatory function and esthetics. Prosthodontics is divided into two branches: fixed and removable prosthodontics. Fixed prosthodontics can involve both natural teeth, when the roots of teeth are intact, or dental implants, when natural teeth have been substituted by implants (see Implantology). When a remaining tooth is prepared to receive a crown that replaces missing tooth structure, a single crown is placed. Instead, a fixed partial denture or bridge is used to replace a single missing tooth or teeth, and teeth adjacent to the space are used to serve as abutments for the bridge. Single crowns and bridges on natural teeth or implants are cemented with dental adhesives to prevent decementation.
On the other hand, removable prosthodontics is the branch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement of teeth and contiguous structures for edentulous or partially edentulous patients by artificial substitutes that are readily removable from the mouth. The remaining dentition is used to anchor or stabilize the appliance. A removable partial denture uses clasps and special attachments to retain the appliance. Instead a complete denture uses anatomical landmarks in order to retain the denture. Furthermore, complete dentures can be supported by implants in order to increase stability and retention during function, called Overdentures.
Is the branch of dentistry that deals with the replacement of missing teeth. The aim of prosthodontics is to restore masticatory function and esthetics. Prosthodontics is divided into two branches: fixed and removable prosthodontics. Fixed prosthodontics can involve both natural teeth, when the roots of teeth are intact, or dental implants, when natural teeth have been substituted by implants (see Implantology). When a remaining tooth is prepared to receive a crown that replaces missing tooth structure, a single crown is placed. Instead, a fixed partial denture or bridge is used to replace a single missing tooth or teeth, and teeth adjacent to the space are used to serve as abutments for the bridge. Single crowns and bridges on natural teeth or implants are cemented with dental adhesives to prevent decementation.
On the other hand, removable prosthodontics is the branch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement of teeth and contiguous structures for edentulous or partially edentulous patients by artificial substitutes that are readily removable from the mouth. The remaining dentition is used to anchor or stabilize the appliance. A removable partial denture uses clasps and special attachments to retain the appliance. Instead a complete denture uses anatomical landmarks in order to retain the denture. Furthermore, complete dentures can be supported by implants in order to increase stability and retention during function, called Overdentures.
PIEZOSURGERY
Piezoelectric surgery is an innovative technique of osteotomy (bone cutting) and osteoplasty (bone remodeling) born thanks to a revolutionary instrument that utilizes ultrasonics to “cut” bone. The piezoelectric cutting capabilities is possible through the use of ultrasonic microvibrations which are capable to cut mineralized tissues with great efficiency while at the same time respecting soft tissues which will not be damaged even in case of accidental contact. The piezoelectric has simplified surgical procedures, made surgery less invasive and has increased safety.
Piezoelectric surgery is an innovative technique of osteotomy (bone cutting) and osteoplasty (bone remodeling) born thanks to a revolutionary instrument that utilizes ultrasonics to “cut” bone. The piezoelectric cutting capabilities is possible through the use of ultrasonic microvibrations which are capable to cut mineralized tissues with great efficiency while at the same time respecting soft tissues which will not be damaged even in case of accidental contact. The piezoelectric has simplified surgical procedures, made surgery less invasive and has increased safety.